Circumstantial Evidence

Lest we forget
it began with

Civil War

North against South
brother against—

So on and so forth…

A war by proxy
is still a war

4,000,000¹While the exact death toll / remains unknown and a point of contention / both North and South Korea estimate / close to 1,000,000 civilians were killed / during the course of the war / on both sides Koreans dead
approx.

Call it genocide
by proxy

If a war by proxy
is still a war worth
dying for—

37,000²An additional 7,400 American troops / still designated as missing / with 5,300 believed to be / somewhere in North Korea Americans killed
approx.

another 3100³The United Nations Command (UNC) / the multinational military force / consisted of troops from Australia / Belgium / Canada / Colombia / Denmark / Ethiopia / France / Germany / Greece / India / Italy / Luxembourg / Netherlands / New Zealand / Norway / Philippines / South Africa / Sweden / Thailand / Turkey / United Kingdom UN forces
killed

900,000⁴The People’s Volunteer Army (PVA) / the armed forces allied with North Korea / consisted of troops from / The People’s Republic of China Chinese
killed

All in all
over 5,000,000⁵The Korean Armistice Agreement / was signed on July 27, 1953 / an estimated 3,000,000 civilians were killed / over the course of the three-year conflict dead approx.

orphan⁶American Heritage Dictionary (ôrfən)
n.

1. • A child whose parents are dead.
   • A child who has been deprived of parental care and has not been adopted.
2. A young animal that has been prematurely separated from its parents or its mother.

In 1951,
only one year
into the war
there were approx.

100,000⁷Estimate according to the United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency, 1951 orphaned children
across the entire Korean Peninsula

By 1953,
there were approx.

516,000⁸Estimate according to the International Union for Child Welfare, 1954 across the peninsula,
now split in two

As the late great
Louis Armstrong

once sang—
Takes two to tango

By 1953,
there were approx.

350,000⁹While the exact total / remains unknown and a point of contention / this number has been corroborated / by multiple scholars and historians Korean
sex workers

south of the
DMZ

many living
and working

in camptowns
providing comfort¹⁰The term comfort women / was first used for Korean sex workers / during the Japanese occupation in WWII

to foreign¹¹Later used by the US military and UN forces / during the Korean War and thereafter soldiers

some were abducted
some were drugged

some were told they
would be waitresses

some were orphans
themselves

They called those babies—
Ameriasian

By 1965
there were approx.

12,380 mixed-race¹²Won Moo Hurh, 1972 / cited by Tobias Hubinette orphans

born of war,
scattered

south of the
DMZ

In 1955,
evangelicals¹³The Holts (Harry & Bertha) were farmers from Oregon / inspired by a documentary film about Amerasian orphans / adopted the eight Korean children / ages ranging from eight months to two years arrived at

Portland International Airport
with eight – – – . . mixed-race orphans

“Fear not: for I am with thee:
I will bring thy seed from the East…

Bring my sons from far, and my daughters
from the ends of the earth…”¹⁴Isaiah 43:5-7 was included in the stork announcement / of the eight children / currently held in the Smithsonian

By 1978,
approx.

4,494¹⁵Chin Kim and Timothy G. Garroll, 1975 / cited by Tobias Hubinette mixed-race
orphans

had been adopted
abroad

What began as
a rescue mission

then turned into
an industry—

200,000¹⁶Estimate according to AP News, 2024 Korean adoptees
approx.

By 2004,
there were approx.

30,000¹⁷Ministry of Health and Welfare/ cited by Tobias Hubinette / Korean adoption statistics report 1953-2004 designated
as [abandoned]

some were [relinquished]
some were [found]

some were [abducted]
some were [bought] with bribes

call it fraud
call it doctoring

call it falsifying documents
call it playing fast and loose

with subjective objective
truths

Between 1970 and 1979
there were approx.

46,035¹⁸Ministry of Health and Welfare/ cited by Tobias Hubinette / Korean adoption statistics report 1953-2004 Korean adoptees
sent overseas

Between 1980 and 1989
adoption peaked at

65,511¹⁹Ibid. approx.

By this time,
most adoptees

were considered to be
fully Korean

some were [relinquished] some came from Seoul
some were [found] some came from Daegu

some were [abducted] some came from Busan
some were [bought] with bribes some came from places

they’ll never get a chance to know…

From 1990 to 1999
there were approx.

22,925²⁰ Ministry of Health and Welfare/ cited by Tobias Hubinette / Korean adoption statistics report 1953-2004 Korean adoptees
sent overseas

some were [relinquished] some became French
some were [found] some became Swedish

some were [abducted] some became American
some were [bought] with bribes or at least they

tried to be…

And in 1994,
there were

2,290²¹Ibid.  Korean adoptees
approx.

close to a dozen arrived
at LaGuardia Airport

on the 28th
of January

and one of them…

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²²…was me.

Notes

On “Circumstantial Evidence.” The poem is structured as a statistical narrative timeline. It begins by tracing the number of casualties throughout the Korean War, then pivots to tracking the number of adoptions over the many decades following.

While certain facts about the Korean War are common knowledge, the statistical data is based on estimates that have been heavily disputed by scholars and governments alike. Most of the statistical data comes from the following sources:

1. Hahn, Bae-Ho, Kwang-Rin Lee, et al. “Korea | History, Peninsula, Rulers, and Facts.”
   Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 Sept. 2024, www.britannica.com/place/Korea/Armistice-and-aid.
2. Lopez, C. Todd. “Families of Service Members Gone Missing in Action Get Answers at
   Annual Briefing.” U.S. Department of Defense, 15 Aug. 2024, www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3875464/families-of-service-members-gone-missing-in-action-get-answers-at-annual-briefi/.
3. United Nations Command. “United Nations Command > Organization > Contributors.”
   United Nations Command, www.unc.mil/Organization/Contributors.
4. Mao Zedong’s “Order to the Chinese People’s Volunteers,” 1950 | US-China Institute.
   china.usc.edu/mao-zedongs-order-chinese-peoples-volunteers-1950.
5. Korean War – Go for Broke. (n.d.-b).
   

   Korean War

   
   Cumings, Bruce (2011). The Korean War: A History. Modern Library. P.
   35. ISBN 9780812978964.

6. Publishers, HarperCollins. The American Heritage Dictionary Entry: Orphan.
   www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=orphan.
7. Korean adoption history”, in Eleana Kim (ed.), Community. Guide to Korea for overseas
   adopted Koreans, Seoul: Overseas Koreans Foundation, 2004, pp. 12-19+25-47. (edited article)
8. Ibid.
9. Cho, Grace M. (2008). Haunting the Korean diaspora : shame, secrecy, and the forgotten
   war. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816666461. OCLC 311053574.
10. Lie, John. “The Transformation of Sexual Work in 20th-Century Korea.” Gender and Society, vol. 9, no. 3, 1995, pp. 310–27. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/190058. Accessed 30 Sept. 2024.
11. Sang-Hun, Choe. “A Brutal Sex Trade Built for American Soldiers” NY Times (New
    York) 2 Mar. 2024, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/02/world/asia/korea-us-comfort-women-sexual-slavery.html
12. Doolan, Yuri W., ‘The Second Rescue’, The First Amerasians: Mixed Race Koreans from
    Camptowns to America (2024; online edn, Oxford Academic, 21 Mar. 2024), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197534380.003.0006, accessed 26 Sept. 2024.
13. Hurh, Won Moo. 1972. “Marginal children of war: An exploratory study of
    American-Korean children”. International Journal of Sociology of the Family 2 (3): 10-20.
14. Holt, Bertha | Women of the Hall. https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/bertha-holt/
    “Stork Announcement for Holt Family Adoptions | Smithsonian Institution.” Smithsonian Institution, www.si.edu/object/stork-announcement-holt-family-adoptions:nmah_1296338.
15. Kim, Chin, and Timothy G. Carroll. “Intercountry Adoption of South Korean Orphans: A
    Lawyer’s Guide.” Journal of Family Law 14, no. 2 (1975)
16. Tong-Hyung, Kim, and Claire Galofaro. “South Koreans Adopted as Babies Are
    Discovering Lies From Their Past | AP News.” AP News, 19 Sept. 2024, apnews.com/article/south-korea-international-adoption-fraud-investigation-e4e7d4b8823212e3b260517c5128cd66.
17. Hübinette, Tobias. (PDF) “Appendix – Table 3. Family Background of adopted Koreans,
    1958-2004”, Comforting an Orphaned Nation : Representations of International Adoption and Adopted Koreans in Korean Popular Culture, Departmental of Oriental Languages, Stockholm University, 14 July 2015,
18. Hübinette, Tobias. (PDF) “Appendix – Table 1. Number of international adoptions from
    Korea, 1953-2004”, Comforting an Orphaned Nation : Representations of International Adoption and Adopted Koreans in Korean Popular Culture, Departmental of Oriental Languages, Stockholm University, 14 July 2015, www.researchgate.net/publication/277993137_Comforting_an_orphaned_nation_Representations_of_international_adoption_and_adopted_Koreans_in_Korean_popular_culture.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Idid.
22. The last line of the poem appears as the final footnote.